Wage Variance Acceptable And Ethical Inequality - 2370 Words

INTRODUCTION In the wakes of corporate scandals such as Enron and Lehman Brothers, executives’ compensations are being examined more than ever. Shareholders and general public want a guarantee that large executive pay packages are justified. Executive salaries have been a target for debates over the past several decades. At the heart of the discussions were the issues of fairness, equity, and market efficiency. There are some evident discrepancies between the executive compensations in the United States and in other countries. In 1990 the average salary of CEO was 110 times greater than the average worker s income in the United States. In comparison, the pay ratios in Japan and Germany were 17 and 23 times greater, respectively. The†¦show more content†¦The compensation was traditionally a method to align the goals of executives and stakeholders. Although in theory it would encourage desirable conduct, in real life we saw examples when executives took advantage of their governing position and participate in fraudulent activity to gain money at the expense of the shareholders. I will suggest the potential steps that could be made to prevent similar situation from happening and rebuild public between executive, shareholders, and stakeholders. Even though many CEOs have taken pay cuts in the recent years, their compensation packages are still enormous. Studies by BusinessWeek and other publications show that compensation for big company CEOs was more than 400 times the pay for average workers last year, up from a 42-to-1 ratio in 1980. If the minimum wage had gone up at the same rate, it would have been more than $22 an hour in 2006 instead of $5.15. There are many models to explain such a disparity. One of them is a â€Å"tournament model† according to which a substantial pay differential may exist to serve as an incentive for employees to work hard to climb the corporate ladder. Average employees expect that they can become a CEO and will make an extraordinarily large sum of money. Therefore they willingly accept wages lower than their marginal product in the early stages of their careers in exchange for the opportunity to receive a high pay in the future. The economic laws of supply and demand also

The Joy Luck Club Jing Mei - 3159 Words

Log #1 (Page 5-32) Passage: â€Å"And then it occurs to me. They are frightened. In me, they see their own daughters, just as ignorant, just as unmindful of all the truths and hopes they have brought to America.† (Tan 31) Context: Jing-mei’s mother Suyuan started the Joy Luck club in 1949, just after she immigrated to San Francisco from China. Suyuan created the Joy Luck Club as a symbol of hope and strength while the club members were transitioning between their old and new lifestyles. Unfortunately, Suyuan died and in her place her daughter, Jing-mei, was to attend the weekly Joy Luck Club meetings. At her first meeting, Jing-mei felt victimized by the other ladies as they criticized her decisions and lifestyle. Just as Jing-mei was going to leave, the ladies presented her with a $1,200 cheque and insisted she use it to visit her half sisters. Jing-mei learned from the ladies that just before her mother died, she was desperately trying to get in contact with her daughters. However, she was never able to visit them after she abandoned them, so the ladies wanted Jing-mei to go and tell them of her mother. Jing-mei was doubtful and anxious about whether she knew her mother well enough to accurat ely explain her life to her older sisters. The ladies lost it when they heard this, demanding it is impossible since Suyuan was her mother after all. Jing-mei realizes that the ladies are fearful for their next generation since the lack of communication between them can prevent theseShow MoreRelatedThe Joy Luck Club : Jing Mei Woo1059 Words   |  5 PagesIn a way, Jing-mei Woo is the main character of The Joy Luck Club. (related to what holds something together and makes it strong), her stories serve as bridges between the two generations of storytellers, as Jing-mei speaks both for herself and for her dead mother, Suyuan. Jing-mei also bridges America and China. When she travels to China, she discovers the Chinese essence within herself, this way understanding a deep connection to her mother that she had always ignored. She also brings Suyuan sRead MoreJing Mei Woo : The Joy Luck Club-2238 Words   |  9 PagesReading Journal 1 Short Story Summaries- Jing-mei Woo: The Joy Luck Club- This section of the book starts off with Jing-mei discussing the fact that since her mother passed away she will now be taking over her seat in the joy luck club. After this information is shared, there is background information for the club these women are a part of. Expositional elements are shared in this section as well. In order to keep her family safe, Suyuan moved her twin daughters and herself to Kweilin with otherRead More Relationships of Waverly Jong and Jing-mei Woo in The Joy Luck Club699 Words   |  3 PagesThe Relationships of Waverly Jong and Jing-mei Woo in The Joy Luck Club  Ã‚        Ã‚   Amy Tan in her novel The Joy Luck Club presents us with daughters who are striving to place themselves beyond the control of strong mothers and become individuals. Adrienne Rich in her book Of Woman Born calls this splitting from the mother, matraphobia (Rich, 235), and later notes: The mother stands for the victim in ourselves, the unfree woman, the martyr. Our personalities seem dangerously to blur and overlapRead More The Complexity of Mother and Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Complexity of Mother and Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club   Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the beginning of time the mother and daughter relationship has been complex.   The book The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan is a great example of the mother and daughter relationship.   In the book Amy Tan writes about four women who migrate to America from China.   All of the women were in search of a better life since the lives they had in China were not what they wanted for themselves.   Even though all of the womenRead More Essay on Search for Identity in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club1103 Words   |  5 PagesSearch for Identity in Joy Luck Club      Ã‚   Each person reaches a point in their life when they begin to search for their own, unique identity. In her novel, Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan follows Jing Mei on her search for her Chinese identity – an identity long neglected.    Four Chinese mothers have migrated to America. Each hope for their daughter’s success and pray that they will not experience the hardships faced in China. One mother, Suyuan, imparts her knowledge on her daughter throughRead MoreSuyuan and Jing-Mei’s Relationship in the Joy Luck Club Essays873 Words   |  4 PagesSuyuan and Jing-Mei’s relationship in The Joy Luck Club In The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, Jing-Mei and her mother have a very rocky relationship. Tan develops a relationship between Suyuan and Jing-Mei that is distant in the beginning due to culture differences and miscommunication, but gradually strengthens with time and understanding. Both of them have different backgrounds and have been influenced by two different cultures. Suyuan grew up in China and behaves according to the ChineseRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan841 Words   |  3 PagesIn the Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, tells stories of four Chinese mothers and four Chinese-American daughters and their mother-daughter relationship. The four mothers met in a San Francisco church in 1949. Suyuan Woo, founder of the Joy Luck Club, convinced the other mothers An-Mei Hsu, Lindo Jong, and Yingying St. Clair to join the club. The club would meet every week at one of the mother’s house where they eat food, play mahjong, and brag about their daughters. The Chinese-Ameri can daughters tellRead MoreAnalysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesLauren Lee 11 September 2016 English 203H 1st Period 3 paragraphs â€Å"The Joy Luck Club† Journey of the Swan In Amy Tan’s story â€Å"The Joy Luck Club,† Jing-mei recalls the struggles she is burdened by in not understanding the extensive sacrifices her mother made and the guilt she carries of never living to be her mother’s swan. For the majority of her life, June has battled with the tedious thoughts of why her mother never seemed content with her. â€Å"Auntie Lin and my mother were both best friends andRead More Improving Mother/Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club1216 Words   |  5 PagesImproving Mother/Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club One day everything is going great, in fact things could not be better and then you say something and your friend turns to you and says â€Å"oh my god, you sounded just like your mother†.   That is when you freak out and think to yourself it is true I am turning into my mother.   This is every daughters worst nightmare come true.   When a young girl is growing up her mother always says and does things that the girl vows she will neverRead MoreAnalysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdaughters. In one of Tan’s novels, The Joy Luck Club, she writes to get the point across of how difficult it is for contrasting cultures to communicate with one another, â€Å"...out of an intense concern with the individual artistic choices she was making at every level and at every moment† (Evans 3). The passionate message Tan stresses in the novel demonstrate how crucial communication is to her, specifically between a mother and daughter. In The Joy Luck Club, four women from China move to San Francisco

Play What Is Play Definition of Play. free essay sample

From an early age, play is important to a childs development and learning. It Isnt lust physical. It can involve cognitive, Imaginative, creative, emotional and social aspects. It is the main way most children express their Impulse to explore, experiment and understand. Children of all ages play. (Dobson, 2004, p. 8) This essay will describe the defining features of play, understanding of the roles and functions of play in early years. Play Is not Just fun for children It Is fundamental.Play Is a key to a childs learning and development. Parents are often their childs first lay companions, so understanding play and Its value to children Is helpful. What Is the play and why Is It Important? Playing is a much needed activity in the early childhood. The reason is that play is the building block of a childs intellectual skills. The parents should realize that through play, their child develops social skills, problem solving skills and also interpersonal skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Play What Is Play? Definition of Play. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Children develop very quickly during the early years.They change rapidly intellectually, physically, emotionally and socially and they need provision that helps them to overcome any disadvantage and which extends their knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence. It is very difficult to define play. The variety and variability of activities that we would define as play mean that there is no universally accepted definition of play. Viscosity (2002) called play as the leading source of development in preschool years. He described play as the source of development and creates the zone of proximal development.Sentimentally (1981 ) called play as a subset of life , an arrangement in which one can practice behavior without dreading its consequences (p. 14). Graver (1977) gave a useful description of lay for teachers when she defined play as an activity which is: 1) positively valued by the player; 2) self-motivated; 3) freely chosen; 4) engaging; and 5) which has certain systematic relations to what is not play (p. 5). Sailboat, the National Quality Framework for Early Childhood Education said that play is central to the well-being, development and learning of the young child. Play is an important medium through which the child Interacts with, explores and makes sense of the world around her/his. These Interactions with, for example, other children, adults, materials, events and Ideas, are eye to the childs well-being, development and learning. Play Is a source of Joy and fulfillment for the child. It provides an Important context and opportunity to enhance and optimism quality early childhood experiences. As such, play will be a primary focus In quality early childhood settings.These characteristics are Important for teachers to remember because Imposing adult values, requirements, or motivations on childrens actively may change the very nature of play. Play What Is Play? Definition of Play. By Annette From an early age, play is important to a childs development and learning. It isnt just physical. It can involve cognitive, imaginative, creative, emotional and social aspects. It is the main way most children express their impulse to explore, functions of play in early years. Play is not Just fun for children it is fundamental. Play is a key to a childs learning and development. Parents are often their childs first play companions, so understanding play and its value to children is helpful. What is the play and why is it important? Universally accepted definition of play. Weights (2002) called play as the leading development and creates the zone of proximal development. Sentimentally (1981) child interacts with, explores and makes sense of the world around her/his.

Was the Milgram Experiment Ethical or Valid free essay sample

In 1961, Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment on a group’s obedience to authority. This experiment has encountered intense scrutiny ever since its findings were first published in 1963; many people question the ethics and validity of the experiment. Multitudes of researchers have taken it upon themselves to determine the answers to the questions (McLeod). Based on new guidelines for ethics, Stanley Milgram’s experiment on the obedience to authority was neither ethical nor valid. Controversy in the ethics of the experiment comes from the deception used and psychological harm experienced by some of the participants. Milgram believed that for the experiment to be authentic, deception was inevitable. He also sent out a questionnaire to his participants afterwards to see the effectiveness of the deception. The majority of the participants, 83. 7 percent, stated they were glad they had participated while 1. 3 percent would rather have not taken the experiment. Some of the participants also displayed physical signs of distress, but Milgram stated the symptoms were short term and the participants were better after they had been debriefed about the experiment (McLeod). We will write a custom essay sample on Was the Milgram Experiment Ethical or Valid? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Opponents of the ethics of Milgram’s experiment believe that the amount of stress caused by the experiment deems it unethical (Controversy: Ethics in Experiments). Many participants experienced trembling, stuttering and nervous laughter; three unfortunate people even suffered from seizures (McLeod). Other participants may have had psychological pain knowing they could have killed a person. Questioning themselves over their morals could also lead to emotional distress (Controversy: Ethics in Experiments). The deception was essential part of the experiment, but the emotional distress endured by the participant was excessive. An experiment where a person could have potentially been harmed for a long period of time should never had been performed. The deception of having a person think they killed someone could have lasting effects on their psyche. Milgram observed one participant as â€Å"twitching, stuttering wreck who was rapidly approaching a point of nervous collapse (qtd. In Was Milgram’s Research Ethical). †Most of the participants were happy with the outcome of the experiment, but the potential for lasting psychological damage leads it to be unethical. Based on three sectors of validity, internal, external and environmental, the experiment only accomplished internal validity. Many people question whether the lab setting of the experiment could be transferred to the natural world. These people argue that a participant’s mindset and morals changes as they enter the experimental. This validity question also leads to the external validity question. If people change their actions because they are a part of an experiment, then Milgram could not have reasonably inferred that people would obey the authority figure no matter the cost (Mook, pages 385-386)? The participants could also have realized they were being tricked and could have just played along with the experiment (Orne and Holland). Because internal validity is maintained, some believe Milgram’s experiment is valid. The ability of the test to be replicated accomplishes some internal validity. The setting and the factors tested could easily be tested again by another researcher (Samson, page 8). The questionnaire used by Milgram can also be used to support the experiment’s validity. Considering the participants truly thought that they were tricked, the results of the experiment would not have been tampered with (McLeod). Since Milgram’s experiment is only able to pass one sector of the three sectors of validity, the results of the experiment are not valid. Milgram was unable to test all of the factors of the experiment. He did not allow people to quit the experiment until the fifth time they ask. This act can lead to people believing they have no way out of the experiment. The experiment is biased in that it only has male participants, and Milgram hand selected them (McLeod). Although the experiment can be replicated obtaining internal validity, it is impossible to tell if these are the correct results because Milgram only tested a few factors. This experiment is ultimately unable to be tested because of all the factors that must go into it. No experiment could be produced to accurately test the obedience to authority while maintaining an ethical nature and validity. Milgram’s experiment has faced years of questions of whether it is ethical or valid. The deception and psychological harm in the experiment questions its ethics; the lack of external and environmental validity questions its validity. Although Milgram did maintain internal validity in the experiment, and most of the participants were glad they participated, the experiment in the end was neither ethical nor valid.

Taming the Beast Pathological Narcissism and the Essay Example For Students

Taming the Beast: Pathological Narcissism and the Essay Quality of LifeSam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesPart 1Many textbooks (and many patients ) claim that the psychodynamic therapies when applied to personality disorders are ineffective. Functional (cognitive, behavioral) treatments should be preferred in certain cases and regarding certain aspects of the disorder. To a Narcissist, I would recommend a beavioral-cognitive-functional and less protracted type of therapy. (1) Know and accept thyself. This is what you are. You are highly intelligent. You are very inquisitive. You are a Narcissist. These are facts. Narcissism is an adaptive mechanism. It is dysfunctional but it saves you from a LOT MORE dysfunction or even a-function. Make a list: what does it mean to be a Narcissist in your specific case? What are your typical behaviour patterns? Which types of behaviour are counterproductive, irritating, self-defeating or self-destructive? Which are productive, constructive and should be enhanced DESPITE their pathological origin?(2) Decide to suppress the first and to promote the latter. Construct lists of self-punishments, negative feedback and negative reinforcements. Impose them upon yourself when you exhibit one of the behaviours in the first list. Make a list of prizes, little indulgences, positive feedbacks and positive reinforcements. Use them to reward yourself when you display a behaviour of the second kind. We will write a custom essay on Taming the Beast: Pathological Narcissism and the specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (3) Keep doing this with the express intent of conditioning yourself. Be objective, predictable and just in the administration of both punishments and awards, positive reinforcements and feedback and negative ones. Learn to trust your inner court. Constrain the sadistic, immature and ideal parts of your personality (known as superego in psychoanalytic parlance) by the application of a uniform codex, a set of immutable and invariably applied rules. (4) Once sufficiently conditioned, monitor yourself incessantly. Narcissism is sneaky and it possesses all your resources because it is you. It is intelligent because you are. Beware and never lose control. With time this onerous regime will become a second habit and supplant the Narcissistic (pathological) superstructure. All the above can be amply summed by suggesting to you to become your own parent. This is what parents do and the process is called education or socialization. If your particular path to the adoption of this course is a particular therapy go ahead. As a metaphor, a narrative, no therapeutic approach is better or worse than any otherPart 2In the previous part we discussed the healing prospects of a Narcissist. yet, how can a False Self be anything but false? How can anyone on a permanent diet of reflections ever see true objects? How can the Narcissist whose essence is the devouring of meaningful others and their transformation into meaningless and other ever love?The answer is: discipline, decisiveness, clear targets, conditioning, justice. The Narcissist is the product of unjust, capricious and cruel treatment. He is the finished product of a production line of self recrimination, guilt and fear. He needs to take the antidote to counter the Narcissistic poison. Unfortunately, the re is no drug I know of which can ameliorate pathological Narcissism. Confronting one s parents and childhood is a good idea if the Narcissist feels that he is ready for it. Can he take it? Can he cope with new truths, however painful? The Narcissist must be careful. This is playing with fire. But if he feels confident that there is nothing that can be revealed to him in such a confrontation that he cannot withstand it is a good and wise move in the right direction. My advice to the Narcissist would then be: just dedicate a lot of time to rehearsing it and define well what is it exactly that you want to ask. Do not turn this into a monodrama, group dynamics or trial. Ask so that you shall be answered. Dont try to prove anything, to vindicate, to avenge, to take revenge, to win, to exculpate. Talk as you would with yourself. Do not try to sound professional, mature, intelligent, knowledgeable and distanced. There is no problem to solve just a condition to adjust yourself to. Think about it as diabetes. .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 , .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 .postImageUrl , .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 , .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517:hover , .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517:visited , .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517:active { border:0!important; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517:active , .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517 .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1929fe4d093d7a94e2c2a7de9899a517:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Winter - My Favorite Season EssayAt the risk of sounding heartless, I will make three concluding comments:(a) The Narcissist should take life in general and yourself, in particular, much less seriously. Being immersed in ones self and in ones condition is never the right recipe to functionality, let alone happiness. The world is a comic, absurd place. It is indeed a theater to be enjoyed. It is full of colors and smells and sounds to be treasured and cherished. It is varied and it accommodates and tolerates everyone and everything, even Narcissists. (b) The Narcissist should regard your condition as an advantage. I am NPD. So I write about it. My advice to the Narcissist would be: ask yourself what can you do with it? In Chinese the ideogram for crisis and opportunity is one and the same. Why dont you transform the curse in your life into a blessing in other peoples lives? Why dont you tell them your story, warn them, teach them how to avoid the same pitfalls, how to cope with the damage? Why dont you do all this in a more institutionalized manner? For instance, you can start a discussion group on the internet. You can establish Narcissists Anonymous in some community shelter (despite your temporary incapacity). You can open a correspondence network, a help center for women in your condition the possibilities are endless. And it will instill in you a regained sense of self worth, a purpose, self-confidence and reassurance. It is only by helping others that we can help ourselves. This is, of course, a suggestion not a prescription. But it demonstrates the ways in which you can derive power from adversity. (c) It is easy for the Narcissist to think about Pathological Narcissism as the source of all that is evil and wrong in his life. Narcissism is a catchall phrase, a conceptual scapegoat, an evil seed. It conveniently encapsulates the predicament of the Narcissist. It introduces logic and causal relations into his baffled, tumultuous world. But this is a trap. The human psyche is too complex to be captured by a single, all-encompassing explanation, however convincing. The road to self-help and self-betterment passes through numerous junctions and stations. Narcissism is the first and the foremost. But there are many other participants in the complex dynamics that is the soul of the Narcissist. The Narcissist should take responsibility for his life and not relegate it to some hitherto rather obscure psychodynamic concept. This is the first and most important step to healing. REFRRENCES:(1) Freud S. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol. 7 Hogarth Press, 1964(2) Horowitz M.J. Sliding Meanings: A defense against threat in narcissistic personalities International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 1975;4:167(3) Kernberg O. Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism Jason Aronson, 1975(4) Kohut M. The Analysis of the Self International Universities Press, 1971

Yield to Maturity Essays

Yield to Maturity Essays Yield to Maturity Essay Yield to Maturity Essay In economics yield to mature is the internal rate of return from the flows of cash of fixed income security, especially from bonds. Yield is paid if the bonds or other securities are to be held until their maturity. Yield to maturity is a measurement of the return from the bonds. Yield to maturity gives investors the opportunity to calculate the fair value of financial instruments. Yield to maturity applies exactly to a zero coupon bond. The reason is that this bond has no interest to be reinvested. (Yield to Maturity) Yield to maturity assumes that all interests and dividends are reinvested. It takes also into account losses and gains in case of difference between the purchase and redemption price. Economists say that yield to maturity is a projection of future performance, because yield to maturity has to assume a reinvestment and the rate of yield to maturity itself. In other words, yield to maturity â€Å"an implicit function that can only be evaluated by the method of successive approximations†. To achieve the quoted yield to maturity is easy when a zero coupon bond is to be help until maturity. Yield to maturity is mostly quoted in terms of â€Å"bond-equivalent yield†. (Yield to Maturity) For example, let’s consider a zero coupon bond that is 30 years. Its face value would be $100. The bond would cost $5.73 today if it is priced at a yield to maturity of 10%. The annualized return would be 10% over the thirty years, because the price would advance to $100. Let’s suppose that during first 10 years the interest rates would decline. In the result the yield to maturity would fall to 7%. After 20 years of maturity the bond price would be $25.84. Nevertheless even in such situation the yield to maturity for bond would be just 7%. The bargained yield to maturity for the moment of bond buying was 10%, the earned return over the 10 years would be 16.26%. But it doesn’t mean that the bond holder will earn 16.26 annually over the remaining 20 years. His annual income would be only 7%. It will be found that over the 30 years period the annual return would be 10%. (Bond Yield to Maturity) References â€Å"Yield to Maturity: Definition†. (2005). Retrieved September, 17, from investorwords.com.

Mental Health- Young Adults and depression Essay

Mental Health- Young Adults and depression - Essay Example It is estimated that about 5.8 % of males and 9.5 % of females in the world experience a depressive episode every year (WHO 2001). Depression is a condition that should be differentiated from the normal feeling of sadness and decreased mood that is normal event in everyday’s life. There are several psychiatric conditions classified by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV TR) that are characterized by depressed mood also called mood disorders. All of them can be characterized in two broader groups depending if person had manic episodes which are major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. There are many subtypes of these conditions, but they are all characterized with episodes of depressed mood, diminished sense of pleasure and interest, feelings of guilt and low self esteem, feeling of low energy and worthlessness, insomnia, changes in appetite with weight loss or weight gain and other symptoms that can be a major cause of disability in the nor mal functioning of one person and other symptoms (Sadock et al 2002). ... ity to think or concentrate; indecisiveness - Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, or specific plan for suicide (Kendler and Gardner 1998). Major depressive disorder is a condition without exact known pathopfisiology. Based on some clinical and pre - clinical trials it is suggested that disbalance of the serotonin, norepinefrine, dopamine and other neurotransmitters is the major etiological factor for depression. These conclusions are based mainly on the efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) and other specific antidepressants in treating the symptoms of major depression (Nutt 2008). The mechanism of action of these drugs is more complex than simply elevating the levels of serotonin for example, because other substances like cocaine for example that cause only short elevation of the neurotransmitter levels are not effective in controlling the symptoms of depression on a longer terms and can even cause depressive episodes (Viggiano et al. 2004). Also it is known that several weeks of treatment with antidepressive drugs are necessary in order to achieve changes in the symptoms (Quitkin et al. 1996). This suggest that the mechanism of action of antidepressants is more complex where antidepressants after the initial effect on neurotransmission trigger subsequent neuroplstic changes in the brain that will result in a longer-term in the psychologic behavior of the individual. This only suggest that other factors than serotonin levels, like social, psychological, environmental and other are important in the development and treatment of depression (Robert and Frazer 2002). Other theory that tries to implement more integrative approach in understanding the etiology of depression is Diathesis-stress model that concludes that depression